Best countries for a Ukrainian IT specialist
78 countries across Europe, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Oceania, 16 criteria, each on a 1–5 scale. Data 2025 – August 2026. Adjust the weights and the ranking re-sorts live; click a country to expand every criterion.
Scale: 1 poor — 5 excellent. Weight 0 removes a criterion entirely.
Weight settings
SafetySafetyHomicide rate per 100k, recorded offences, geopolitical risk.
InfrastructureInfrastructureRoads and rail, median internet throughput, 5G and fibre, air connectivity.
Financial institutionsFinancial institutionsBanking depth, ease of account opening for a foreigner, neobanks, brokers.
Mortgage access for migrantsMortgage access for migrantsWill a bank lend to a foreigner with a residence permit; deposit, rate, restrictions.
Credit and leasing for migrantsCredit and leasing for migrantsConsumer and auto credit, leasing availability, role of local credit history.
IT market and salariesIT market and salariesMarket size, open roles, gross middle and senior salary in EUR/year.
Taxes for an IT specialistTaxes for an IT specialistBest legal regime: employment / self-employment / company. Effective rate including contributions, reclassification risk.
Healthcare qualityHealthcare qualityLife expectancy, physicians per 1000, health expenditure as share of GDP.
Healthcare accessHealthcare accessWaiting times, self-reported unmet medical needs, co-payments, private consultation cost.
Ease of migrationEase of migrationResidence pathway, transition to a national permit, time to permanent status, bureaucratic speed.
Social protectionSocial protectionSocial protection expenditure as share of GDP, benefits, migrant access to the system.
Attitude towards migrantsAttitude towards migrantsIntegration policy, survey sentiment, size of the resident diaspora.
LanguageLanguageDistance from the migrant’s language, difficulty, English proficiency, English-only viability at work.
Service levelService levelDigital public services, bureaucracy, customer service, English-language support.
Air qualityAir qualityAnnual mean PM2.5 in µg/m³. WHO guideline is 5; the EU 2030 limit is 10.
ClimateClimateSunshine hours, winter mildness, summer heat and heatwave frequency, greyness and rainfall.
Filters
Scale:1poor2345excellent
| Country | Safety | Infrastructure | Finance | Mortgage | Credit | IT market | Tax | Health quality | Health access | Migration | Social | Attitude | Language | Service | Air | Climate | Total ↓ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1NetherlandsEU | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 64 |
| 2LuxembourgEU | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 62 |
| 3DenmarkEU | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 61 |
| 4AustraliaOceania | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 60 |
| 5FinlandEU | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 60 |
| 6SwitzerlandEEA/EFTA | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 60 |
| 7CzechiaEU | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 59 |
| 8EstoniaEU | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 58 |
| 9PolandEU | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 58 |
| 10SpainEU | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 58 |
| 11BelgiumEU | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 57 |
| 12LithuaniaEU | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 57 |
| 13NorwayEEA/EFTA | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 57 |
| 14PortugalEU | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 57 |
| 15UruguayLatAm | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 57 |
| 16GermanyEU | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 56 |
| 17IcelandEEA/EFTA | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 56 |
| 18New ZealandOceania | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 56 |
| 19SingaporeAsia | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 56 |
| 20SwedenEU | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 56 |
| 21AustriaEU | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 54 |
| 22CanadaN. America | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 54 |
| 23FranceEU | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 54 |
| 24United Arab EmiratesMiddle East | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 54 |
| 25CroatiaEU | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 53 |
| 26IsraelMiddle East | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 53 |
| 27MaltaEU | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 53 |
| 28SloveniaEU | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 53 |
| 29IrelandEU | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 52 |
| 30BulgariaEU | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 51 |
| 31ChileLatAm | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 51 |
| 32LiechtensteinEEA/EFTA ? | 5 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 51 |
| 33MonacoNon-EU ? | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 51 |
| 34United KingdomNon-EU | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 51 |
| 35CyprusEU | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 50 |
| 36LatviaEU | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 50 |
| 37BrazilLatAm | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 49 |
| 38JapanAsia | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 49 |
| 39SlovakiaEU | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 49 |
| 40TaiwanAsia ? | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 49 |
| 41United StatesN. America | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 49 |
| 42ArgentinaLatAm | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 48 |
| 43ArmeniaNon-EU | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 48 |
| 44ItalyEU | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 48 |
| 45South KoreaAsia | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 48 |
| 46Costa RicaLatAm | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 46 |
| 47HungaryEU | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 45 |
| 48KazakhstanCentral Asia Δ | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 45 |
| 49RomaniaEU | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 45 |
| 50MalaysiaAsia | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 44 |
| 51PanamaLatAm | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 44 |
| 52Saudi ArabiaMiddle East | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 44 |
| 53SerbiaNon-EU | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 44 |
| 54AndorraNon-EU | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 43 |
| 55AzerbaijanNon-EU | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 43 |
| 56ColombiaLatAm | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 43 |
| 57GreeceEU | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 43 |
| 58MexicoLatAm | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 42 |
| 59MoldovaNon-EU | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 42 |
| 60San MarinoNon-EU ? | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 42 |
| 61GeorgiaNon-EU | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 41 |
| 62MontenegroNon-EU | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 41 |
| 63UzbekistanCentral Asia | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 40 |
| 64AlbaniaNon-EU | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 39 |
| 65EcuadorLatAm | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 39 |
| 66KyrgyzstanCentral Asia Δ | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 39 |
| 67ChinaAsia | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 38 |
| 68KuwaitMiddle East | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 38 |
| 69South AfricaAfrica | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 38 |
| 70ThailandAsia ? | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 38 |
| 71North MacedoniaNon-EU | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 37 |
| 72PhilippinesAsia Δ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 37 |
| 73IndonesiaAsia | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 36 |
| 74PeruLatAm | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 36 |
| 75TürkiyeNon-EU | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 36 |
| 76Bosnia and HerzegovinaNon-EU | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 32 |
| 77MongoliaCentral Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 32 |
| 78KosovoNon-EU ? | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 30 |
Tax calculatordetailed model
ZUS (employee) 13.71% (pension and disability with a ceiling), healthcare 9%, PIT 12% up to 120 000 PLN and 32% above, tax-free allowance 30 000 PLN. Model for an entrepreneur after 30 months (full ZUS), without child reliefs.
Net per year€36,965€3,080 per month
Effective rate38.4%€23,035 paid away
ZUS (employee)€8,226
Składka zdrowotna 9%€4,660
PIT 12/32%€10,149
Take-home€36,965
Paid by the employer on top of gross€12,288
Compare every country at this income — the best legal regime in each
1Costa RicaForeign-source income (territorial principle)€60,0000%
2PanamaForeign-source income (territorial principle)€60,0000%
3United Arab EmiratesEmployment on a residence visa€60,0000%
4Israelעולה חדש — 10-year exemption€60,0000%
5Saudi ArabiaEmployment on an iqama€60,0000%
6KuwaitEmployment on the employer's permit€60,0000%
7KazakhstanAstana Hub participant€60,0000%
8MalaysiaDE Rantau (foreign income)€60,0000%
9ThailandForeign income not remitted to the country€60,0000%
10IndonesiaE33G — remote worker visa€60,0000%
11EcuadorRIMPE Emprendedor€59,4831%
12UzbekistanSole trader€59,3001%
13MexicoRESICO — persona física€59,1891%
14KyrgyzstanSole trader on a patent€59,1002%
15GeorgiaIndividual entrepreneur with Small Business Status — 1%€58,2003%
16KosovoSmall business — 3% of turnover€58,2003%
17AzerbaijanSimplified entrepreneur tax (2%)€58,0003%
18SingaporeEmployment Pass (employment)€57,0625%
19MaltaLtd + 6/7 refund€57,0005%
20ArmeniaSole trader on 5% turnover tax€56,3006%
21Ukraine (reference)ФОП group 3 (5%)€55,9527%
22MoldovaMoldova IT Park — 7% flat tax€55,8007%
23UruguaySAS + exoneración por software€55,8007%
24AlbaniaCompany + dividends€55,2008%
25PeruCuarta categoría (independent)€54,7809%
26CroatiaPaušalni obrt (lump-sum sole proprietorship)€54,5009%
27Bosnia and Herzegovinad.o.o. + dividends€54,00010%
28AndorraEmployment contract€53,69011%
29BrazilPJ — Simples Nacional, Anexo III€53,10911%
30MontenegroEntrepreneur (lump-sum)€52,80012%
31Taiwan受僱 (employment)€52,65812%
32CzechiaOSVČ — 60% lump-sum expenses€52,53512%
33CyprusEmployment + 50% relief for new residents€52,40413%
34MonacoEmployment contract€52,20013%
35TürkiyeSole proprietor — 80% exemption on IT services export€51,42014%
36ChileBoleta de honorarios (independent)€51,20415%
37LuxembourgImpatriate regime€51,01815%
38BulgariaEmployment contract€50,74115%
39NetherlandsLoondienst + 30%-ruling (27%)€50,43016%
40United StatesS-corp (salary + distribution)€50,04817%
41MongoliaEmployment (ХХОАТ 10%)€49,86017%
42PolandJDG — flat tax + IP Box 5%€49,56317%
43ColombiaRégimen ordinario — independent€49,37918%
44Slovakias.r.o. + dividends€48,60019%
45North MacedoniaSole proprietor / DOO + dividends€48,60019%
46IcelandRelief for foreign specialists€48,53819%
47China个体工商户 (sole trader)€48,23020%
48LiechtensteinAG/GmbH + dividends€48,20020%
49United KingdomLtd + salary + dividends€48,16720%
50RomaniaPFA (sole proprietorship, real system)€48,10020%
51LatviaSIA + dividends€48,00020%
52ItalyImpatriati (relief for relocatees)€47,67521%
53LithuaniaIndividuali veikla (individual entrepreneur)€47,43521%
54San MarinoCompany + dividends€47,31021%
55GreeceRegime for new tax residents€46,94322%
56AustraliaEmployment€46,59022%
57ArgentinaMonotributo€46,56522%
58South Korea정규직 (employment on the scale)€46,25823%
59SwedenExpert tax relief€46,14423%
60BelgiumSpecial regime for expats€46,02723%
61EstoniaEmployment contract€45,11525%
62NorwayPAYE (first year for foreigners)€45,00025%
63IrelandPAYE (employment contract)€44,93425%
64FranceRégime impatriés€44,78925%
65PhilippinesEmployment (0-35% scale)€44,37426%
66New ZealandEmployment€44,30926%
67CanadaEmployment€44,18826%
68SwitzerlandAngestellter — canton of Zug€43,96427%
69SerbiaEmployment contract€43,47428%
70HungaryÁtalányadó (flat-rate sole trader)€43,26028%
71FinlandTyöntekijä (employment contract)€42,48629%
72Japan正社員 (employment)€41,99630%
73SpainBeckham Law (24%)€41,78330%
74South AfricaEmployment (18-45% scale)€41,60531%
75PortugalIFICI («NHR 2.0») — 20%€41,40031%
76DenmarkForskerordningen (27% scheme)€40,29633%
77SloveniaNormirani s.p. (lump-sum sole proprietor)€39,12035%
78GermanyFreiberufler (liberal profession)€38,24236%
79AustriaEmployment contract€37,90237%
How to legalise
Migration rules change faster than anything else on this page. Treat this as a map of the routes, not as advice — confirm the current terms with the issuing authority before you act on any of it.
Residence permitOn arrivalNo qualifying period. UKR status is registered in PESEL; an ordinary temporary residence permit takes 6 to 18 months depending on the voivodeship, and Mazowieckie is the slowest.
Permanent residence5 yearsThe EU long-term resident permit after 5 years of continuous legal residence, with B1 Polish and stable income. Zezwolenie na pobyt stały is separate and needs Polish descent, a Karta Polaka or 3 years of marriage to a Pole.
Citizenship8 years
B1Ukrainian citizenship kept
3 years of continuous residence holding a permanent or EU long-term permit, so about 8 years in all, with a certified B1 Polish exam. Poland tolerates dual citizenship, though it treats a dual national purely as a Pole in domestic law.Routes
Status UKR / karta CUKRProtectionCounts in part
The Polish special act for Ukrainians, being wound down and replaced by a 3-year CUKR card.
Requirements- Ukrainian citizenship and arrival in Poland from Ukraine after the invasion.
- A PESEL number with the UKR annotation, obtained at any commune office.
- Full labour-market access on an employer notification, with no work permit needed.
The special act is being wound down from 5 March 2026 and UKR status runs to 4 March 2027. The replacement CUKR card runs 3 years with full labour-market and Schengen access, and it does count towards long-term residence.
Zezwolenie na pobyt czasowy i pracęEmploymentCounts towards PR
The single temporary residence and work permit, and the ordinary route onto the settlement track.
Requirements- An employment contract and a labour-market test, waived for occupations on the voivodeship shortage list.
- Income above the statutory threshold for the applicant and each dependant.
- Health insurance and a confirmed place of residence in Poland.
Up to 3 years, renewable, and it counts in full towards the 5 years for long-term residence.
Niebieska Karta UEEmploymentCounts towards PR
The EU Blue Card, which skips the labour-market test and shortens the path to settlement.
Requirements- A recognised degree, or 3 years of IT experience in the last 7 for shortage occupations.
- A contract of at least 6 months paying 1.5 times the average gross wage in the economy.
- Health insurance and recognition of the qualification where the profession is regulated.
Up to 3 years, renewable, with mobility to another member state after 12 months.
Jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza (JDG)Self-employmentCounts towards PR
Sole-trader registration, open to holders of UKR status and of most residence permits.
Requirements- A qualifying residence title; UKR status and a permanent or EU long-term permit all qualify.
- Registration in the CEIDG register, which is free and takes a single day online.
- ZUS registration, with reduced contributions available in the first 30 months.
Indefinite, but it is a business registration and not a residence title on its own. A temporary residence permit for business activity has to be applied for separately.
Compare every country — years to permanent residence and to a passport
CountryPRCitizenship ↑Second passport
Israel—0Ukrainian citizenship kept
Singapore22Renunciation required
Argentina32Ukrainian citizenship kept
Peru32Ukrainian citizenship kept
Canada—3Ukrainian citizenship kept
Ecuador23Ukrainian citizenship kept
Armenia33Ukrainian citizenship kept
Australia—4Ukrainian citizenship kept
Brazil44Ukrainian citizenship kept
Kazakhstan—5Renunciation required
United States—5Ukrainian citizenship kept
Uruguay—5Ukrainian citizenship kept
Azerbaijan25Renunciation required
Chile25Ukrainian citizenship kept
New Zealand25Ukrainian citizenship kept
Panama25Kept only in some cases
Thailand35Kept only in some cases
Mexico45Ukrainian citizenship kept
Belgium55Ukrainian citizenship kept
Colombia55Ukrainian citizenship kept
France55Ukrainian citizenship kept
Germany55Ukrainian citizenship kept
Indonesia55Renunciation required
Ireland55Ukrainian citizenship kept
Kosovo55Ukrainian citizenship kept
Kyrgyzstan55Kept only in some cases
Luxembourg55Ukrainian citizenship kept
Malta55Ukrainian citizenship kept
Mongolia55Renunciation required
Netherlands55Kept only in some cases
Portugal55Ukrainian citizenship kept
South Africa55Ukrainian citizenship kept
South Korea55Kept only in some cases
Taiwan55Renunciation required
Uzbekistan55Renunciation required
Türkiye85Ukrainian citizenship kept
Japan105Renunciation required
Serbia36Ukrainian citizenship kept
United Kingdom56Ukrainian citizenship kept
Costa Rica37Ukrainian citizenship kept
Iceland47Ukrainian citizenship kept
Albania57Ukrainian citizenship kept
Cyprus57Ukrainian citizenship kept
Greece57Ukrainian citizenship kept
Hungary38Ukrainian citizenship kept
Norway38Ukrainian citizenship kept
Finland48Ukrainian citizenship kept
Sweden48Ukrainian citizenship kept
Bosnia and Herzegovina58Kept only in some cases
Croatia58Kept only in some cases
Estonia58Renunciation required
North Macedonia58Kept only in some cases
Poland58Ukrainian citizenship kept
Romania58Ukrainian citizenship kept
Slovakia58Kept only in some cases
Denmark89Ukrainian citizenship kept
Philippines—10Renunciation required
Saudi Arabia—10Renunciation required
Moldova310Ukrainian citizenship kept
Austria510Renunciation required
Bulgaria510Kept only in some cases
Czechia510Ukrainian citizenship kept
Italy510Ukrainian citizenship kept
Latvia510Kept only in some cases
Lithuania510Renunciation required
Malaysia510Renunciation required
Montenegro510Renunciation required
Slovenia510Kept only in some cases
Spain510Renunciation required
Georgia610Renunciation required
Monaco1010Renunciation required
Switzerland1010Ukrainian citizenship kept
Kuwait—20Renunciation required
Andorra720Renunciation required
United Arab Emirates—30Renunciation required
Liechtenstein1030Renunciation required
San Marino1030Renunciation required
China4—Renunciation required
Reviewed 2026-07-15
Contact
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